Government corruption and the entry strategies of multinationals Essay

Government corruption and the entry strategies of multinationals - Essay Example us of this paper is to undertake a review of the article of Rodriguez et al entitled â€Å"Government Corruption and the entry strategy of multinationals† and it is submitted at the outset that it is firstly necessary to undertake a contextual review of the central issues facing MNEs, government corruption and entry mode strategies, which I shall undertake in section 1 as a precursor to the detailed consideration of Rodriguez et al’s arguments in the article. The limitations of the law as a tool for regulation of MNEs by states was further evidenced by the dictum of Slade LJ in the case of Adams v Cape ([1990] Ch 433) per Slade LJ where he asserted that â€Å"we do not accept as a matter of law that the court is entitled to lift the corporate veil against a defendant company which is the member of a corporate group merely because corporate structure has been used so as to ensure that legal will fall on another member of the group rather than the defendant company† (p.544). Moreover, the UK courts have struggled to address the commercial reality of group companies, indicating a distinct preference for maintaining the sanctity of the separate legal entity principle, which on the one hand arguably facilitates potential for entry mode abuse of the MNE structure or alternatively impedes entry mode depending on the nature of state corruption. Indeed, Rodriguez et al highlight the importance of entry mode strategy to MNE success and therefore it is submitted that the interrelationship between effective governance, corruption and entry level strategy is, which is arguably ignored by Rodriquez et al in their article. Additionally, group company structures often create problems of effective regulation and accountability, yet existing principles of law have arguably been stretched to ignore separate legal personality within a group, which clearly shapes entry mode strategy (Nygh, 2002). This further indicates a different dimension to the debate regarding corruption and MNE

The Different International Markets Only Changing the Structures Essay Example for Free

The Different International Markets Only Changing the Structures Essay â€Å"How Ingvar Kamprad succeed to adapt the different international markets only changing the structures?† The evolution of Ikea’s organization structure changed through the years. First, it used to have an horizontal organization structure, with just one boss taking the decisions, Ingvar and the employees, manufacturing the products (Exhibit 1). Most businesses begin as simple structure with only two levels: the strategy apex and an operating level.(P79)This is an original Swedish model and it is normally used in small companies. A successful horizontal structure allows each employee to have and affirm his own perspective. Thus all the employees shape a society in their company. Eliminating the hierarchical structure deemphasizes the value of power, and accentuates the collaboration. It allows balancing the power in the structure. The first problem appeared in the 1970s:growth in the Swedish furniture market was stagnating. Kamprad felt it was time for IKEA to expand internationally. Refer to the theory from class, one of the reason why restructure is the growing of organizations.(P89) Then, the structure had to be adapted since the horizontal one was now too simple. That’s the reason why it evolved from the horizontal form to a more vertical way (Exhibit 2). As noted, vertical coordination rests on top-down command and control. (P59 )As in the horizontal one, the boss is situated at the top. However, the management was split up into two different â€Å"departments†: the Swedish and the European management. This division will be the base of the Ikea’s successful future. Dividing the management into these two segments, gave them the possibility to keep on going with the traditional Scandinavian culture; and on the other hand, improve and innovate in the European market. In the 1980s, Ikea wanted to start doing business not only in Europe but all over the world, in the USA, Canada and Asia, for instance. According to the knowledge we learnt from class,the reason why restructuring is that The environment shifts.(P89)At this time, the organization frame of Ikea had also got to be changed. In this case, the management was divided in geographical regions. Once this modification had been done, each Ikea store was able to satisfy the different consumer needs depending on the region they were located (Exhibit 3). Furthermore, between 1986 and 1990, Ingvar Kamprad elected Anders Moberg as a president; they did not have the same idea about the management and the structure, and that is the reason why the company structure changed into a new one. The leadership shift had an impact on the company’s management style.(case,P10)The environment shifts is also a reason of restructure.(P89) This new structure is divided into 3 levels: supervisory board (the top), executive board and staff. To our mind it is like Mintzbergs structural configurations: divisionalized form. Divisionalized form is based on centralization and different divisions in the same company. We can say that it is like the way of thinking of Anders Moberg, the president, because he is more committed to systematization (as refer in the case study page 10). From 2000, they opened more stores and they worked with a wider range of products, not just kitchen and garden products, but also office furniture and more traditional designs. This is the reason why new departments emerged, because of the need of specialized personnel. But the structure remain the same, this additional departments did not affect it. To sum up, we would like to highlight the importance of Ingvar for the Ikea Company, since all the decisions he made were fortunately the best ones he could have taken. Each decision was taken at the right time. Even with many difficulties, Ingvar Kamprad knew how to turn problems in opportunities, for instance with the Ikea launching in the worldwide markets. He was self-confident and believed in his company’s values and culture, and he never tried to change this but to improve it, through the combination of different types of organization structures. Many small companies may have Ikea as a reference; in the moment he wanted to enter to new markets (become international) it was forced to adapt its organization frame: evolving from a horizontal to a more vertical one. So that, we can conclude that if companies wanted to expand their business to new markets, it is necessary to change and adapt to what the moment requires. He opted to rely on traditional values ​​and strive to provide a better quality of life to consumers. The founder has always known how to analyse and follow the market surronding him. Each decision was taken at the right time. Even with many difficulties, Ingvar Kamprad has known how to turn problems in opportunities, for instance with the Ikea launching in the worldwide markets. Through this case study, we wanted to show that the current state of Ikea is thanks to Ingvar Kamprad. through this case, we wanted to show that it is the Man itself who made the corporation what it became. We also wanted to emphasize the fact that the structures change (very) quickly, thus, you must follow the market surrounding.

Essay --

I am very happy for writing you this letter and I will do my best to be as informative as I can. As it is said that the child is the mirror of the family, first I would like to tell you a little about my family. My family consists of four members: Father, Mother, Brother and me. My family is really precious for me. We harmonize our life in honesty and peace; always share our problems with each other for best solutions. My family is important for me and is the main meaning of my life, the reason for my heartbeats. My father is an engineer. He is my best friend and a big part of my life. He is the head of our family, his advice and opinion is very important in any decisions we take. He never dominates or forces opinions on us. My mother is a teacher. She is a real beauty. She is sensitive, caring, feminine and gentle. With her everything is in apple-pie order at home and our lives. She is good at cooking, knitting, embroidering. My brother is fifteen and is in his tenth year at school. He is very strong, but meanwhile very gentle, handsome, and independent. Sometimes he opposes my attempts to help him in anything. He has a great drive for his ideas and interests. I am 18 and I am a sophomore at VSTTI, Foreign Languages Department majoring in French and English. My love for English appeared some years ago. I am also patient and love children very much that is why I have chosen the profession of the English teacher. I am a plump middle-sized girl with black long and curly hair, big brown eyes and a small nose. I have got plenty of hobbies: reading, collecting photos of famous people, cooking, knitting, cultivating various plants, chatting with my foreign pen-friends via internet, learning languages and writing poems. I h... ...pplication System on 2/25/2014 2:46 PM. Page 9. share our interests not only within our room, but also outside using the help of each other, and we will become temporary representatives of our country for each other. And yes, I know that it might be difficult for me to live in a different country with a foreign roommate; however I am sure you will be next to me if I need any help. With this letter I gave you small bit of information about myself but I will enlarge my letter describing myself later if I manage to be selected as a finalist. I like to leave presents or things that will remind others about me, so please accept this small poem that I wrote especially for you: For the man who is always around, I will prepare reliable ground. Even in the awful darkness of fear you will be given a hand, As there is someone who will whisper â€Å"I am your friend†!!!

The Character Of Macbeth :: essays research papers

The character of Macbeth was a classic example of a tragic hero. Though many factors contributed to the degeneration of Macbeth, the one that stuck out most was his uncontrollable urge to attain and retain power. His over ambitious desire to acquire power was let loose by the witches, with their prophecies of Macbeth becoming the Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and King of Scotland. At first Macbeth replied that such foreshadowing couldn't be taken seriously, because of the evil forces that lay behind them. However, when Macbeth was declared Thane of Cawdor, almost immediately after the witches' prophecies, he had private thoughts and ambitions that he could become King of Scotland. In an instant the witches had let loose Macbeth's over ambitious nature for imperial power. (An aside in I.iii.127-130 is a perfect example)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Now that Macbeth's uncontrollable desire to become king had surfaced, he became solely focused on obtaining this goal. This included the murder of King Duncan. Lady Macbeth, wanting to be queen of Scotland, provided her husband with a plan to assassinate King Duncan. At first Macbeth hesitated to murder Duncan. He was afraid of the aftereffects and didn't deem it right to kill a king who was just and of such high stature. Unfortunately for Duncan, Macbeth's ambitions slowly overpowered his morals and loyalty. Even though Macbeth was uncertain, his ambition for power was able to take over his mind, and provided him with a sufficient excuse to murder King Duncan.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Macbeth had now achieved his goal, being the King of Scotland. His urges should have diminished, but they didn't. Macbeth was now dead set on retaining his new power. He became paranoid and feared Banquo, whose integrity and loyalty could allow him to avenge Duncan's death. Even though Banquo thought it was quite odd that Macbeth quickly acquired the titles the witches hailed him, he did not think Macbeth was capable of murdering Duncan. However, what really was bothering Macbeth was Banquo's sons were prophesied to inherit the throne. Macbeth would do whatever he could to prevent anyone, even after his death, from taking the throne. Macbeth wasn't just satisfied with being king; he wanted to have his descendants share the title as well. Acting on these passions, Macbeth hired two assassins and tried to kill Banquo and his son Fleance. Even though Fleance escaped, the murder of Banquo calmed Macbeth's nerves because he was safe from being charged with the murder o f King Duncan.

Effectiveness of Celebrity in Brand Endorsement Essay

I receive enormous delight in thanking MKT 619 Instructor for permitting me to carry on work later than accepting my proposal for this project. I would like also like to situation my heartiest thanks to every one staff member of Virtual University for their kind support, guidance and useful suggestions, during my two years MBA with this University. I would like to thanks the Mobilink Indigo Telenor Persona Pakistan to support me during project. I would like to put into words my warm thanks to my parents for their blessings, my collaborator and my friends for their help for doing well completion of this project. Executive Summary This project is all about the primary research about the topic of Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement. This project describes that relationship by making the comparison between the two leading telecommunication companies of Pakistan i. e. Mobilink and Telenor. The package which I selected for my research of these telecommunication companies are Post paid package. For Mobilink I selected Mobilink-Indigo and for Telenor, I selected Telenor-Persona. Moreover these packages are running very effectively and gathered more customers in the country. Both companies are very mature in the telecommunication market sector of Pakistan. The major difference is the customization of the package which is launched by both companies. Mobilink Indigo acquire large market share as compared to Telenor-Persona. Now as far as the Research topic is concerned, the marketing of the both packages is done well by the respective companies. In the advertisement of Mobilink Indigo, Mobilink hired Shan (a leading Pakistani film actor) and in advertisement of Telenor Persona, Telenor hired Sohail Ahmed (a leading actor of TV, film and stage) and Babar Ali (a good film actor). Basically, the post-paid packages are designed for the corporate customers so both the companies portray a business atmosphere in their respective advertisements. A most important factor that the telecommunication companies will decide before launching the advertisement is the choice of the celebrity and the relationship of the personality with the atmosphere of the condition in which the advertisement will be performed. In this research, I first of all describe various factors that affect the relationship of Effectiveness of celebrity with brand endorsement and after that I researched on those factors by filling the questionnaires from the respondents from Lahore, Gujranwala, Sialkot, Gujrat and nearby areas. After gathering the primary data from the respondents and secondary data from other resources like newspapers, catalogues etc a statistical analysis including descriptive statistics and Regression analysis is applied and give the results. As we identify all, that there is a immense competition in their advertisement and this has previously taken the main part of income away. As per market experts nearer or later on there will be a great competition between the two companies as the values wars have go into extremely severe era plus it has become the query of support. Our secondary research includes the quality, branding, corporate social responsibility, atmosphere and the seasonal conditions. While primary research is focused on the Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement in near future 1. 2 Background of the project: Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement is essentially related to my present job and this will lead to do my project. The corporations that are allocating for comparison of usefulness of celebrity in brand endorsement for my final project are Mobilink Pakistan and Telenor Pakistan. These are main cellular corporations authorize the Pakistani citizens with the nearly all relevant message approach and services. This study has appeared on the exploration of Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement which has gained most important market share in Pakistan. 1. 3 Company’s introduction: Mobilink Indigo: [pic] Mobilink, a subordinate of the Orascom Telecom property, is Pakistan’s show the way cellular and Blackberry tune-up provider. In the company of more than 31. 6 million subscribers, Mobilink uphold market management throughout cutting-edge, included expertise, the strongest trademark and the biggest collection of price added services in the business, a broadband delivery service separation providing subsequently creation internet technology as well as the nation’s largest tone of voice and data system with further than eight thousand cell position. Accommodation Pakistan’s largest sharing and contact centre set of connections and an incomparable sixty five thousand kilometers fiber optic spine, Mobilink has previously spend more than US $3. 3 billion in the state to date and provide continuous nationwide connectivity, unmatched client services and worldwide wandering in over one fourth four countries. The company is also the executive cellular associate of the Pakistan Cricket panel. As an accountable corporate civilian, Mobilink also present a range of publicly inclusive products along with services enthusiastic to improve access to in order. Through Mobilink groundwork, the companies support instruction, health and environmental program and encourage sustainable industry practice. Mobilink offers completely designed duty plans that cater to the announcement needs of a varied group of people, from persons to businessmen to business and international. To achieve this goal, we recommend equally postpaid (Indigo) as well as prepaid (JAZZ) way out to our clientele. Compared to our competitors, both the postpaid (Indigo) and prepaid (JAZZ) trademark are the largest trademark of their type in the Pakistan cellular manufacturing. In addition to as long as superior voice message services that create the lives of millions with the purpose of much simple, we also suggest a congregation of value-added-services to our high-quality clientele. All together, Mobilink places far above the ground significance to its coverage, which is why we face you in 10,000 plus towns and city countrywide as well as over 140 nations on international roaming tune-up. In other words, we talk your words, all over. Telenor persona: [pic] Telenor Pakistan is hundred percent hold by Telenor ASA along with ads on to its process in Asia in somebody’s company with Thailand, Malaysia and Bangladesh. Telenor Pakistan start on its procedure in March two thousand five as the on its own largest through European asset in Pakistan, location superiority for more overseas investments in the telecom segment The company has fractious many high point and full-fledged in a number of information, create Telenor Pakistan a leading telecom worker of the state. Telenor is the greatest rising mobile system in the country, with coverage accomplishment deep into many of the furthest areas of Pakistan. In the most not easy terrains of the state, from the northern region to the wilderness in the south Telenor, spend heavily in communications growth With USD2 billion by now spend, with extended contract with their wholesaler for network growth and services. Telenor have a set of connections of twenty three company owned deal and service midpoint, more than two hundred franchisees as well as some one lack retail channel. The Telenor cluster is a worldwide provider of far above the ground superiority telecom, data and media message services with mobile procedure in thirteen markets crosswise the Nordic area, Central along with Eastern Europe as well as in Asia. The Telenor Group is in the middle of the biggest mobile operators in the globe with over one forty-three million mobile contributions and a labor force of more or less fourth thousand. Telenor Pakistan is hundred percent be the owner of by Telenor ASA as well as adds on to its action in Asia. 1. 4List of competitors: The main competitors for Mobilink-Indigo and Telenor- Persona are given below: †¢ Ufone-Postpay †¢ Zong-Postpaid †¢ Warid-Zahi 1. 5 Objectives of the project: The Objectives of this project is to make available the Comparison of Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement for the 2 main Telecom companies of Pakistan i. e. Mobilink indigo and Telenor persona. The project will center of attention the following objectives: †¢ To determine customer’s perception about celebrity (Shan) for endorsement of Mobilink Indigo. †¢ To determine customer’s perception about celebrity (Jamal Shah or other) for endorsement of Telenor Persona. To compare customer’s perception about aforementioned celebrities for endorsement of selected brands. 1. 6 Significance of the project: †¢ During my project, I will also cover customer Information survey about their preference of celebrity with brand endorsement between Mobilink Indigo and Telenor Persona.   While this study will provide comparison within two telecommunication companies with an overall picture that will help the marketing managers of these companies to made their ads better and interesting. †¢ The study will help the two companies for the future market placement of their services. Cellular telecommunication companies are now highly competitive industries in Pakistan. Chapter 2: Advertising Strategy 2. 1Marketing Mix The project covers Mobilink indigo and Telenor persona an appropriate marketing mix 4Ps i. e. Product, Coast/Price, Place as well as Promotion. (Product There are various services recommend by both companies. A number of general services are the following: †¢ Internet Services, Common Packet means of communication Services †¢ Small communication Services Caller Line recognition †¢ Tone of voice post †¢ Receiver Book investor Price: Price is the majority necessary feature of the marketing mix. It is the only that generate sales income for an exacting company while recounting their expenses. Both companies bring in a fine cost to its client and persuade the others for control on their set of connections and perform make inquiries consumer’s view on the subject of pricing as well as what they would like to reimburse. The Brand differs time to time and Mobilink and Telenor also suggest on incident base service in the vein of Ramadan tie together, Eid tie together etc. to their end user. (Place: Place anxiety with various systems and forms of accessibility of the Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement throughout diverse franchise and place of work. It composes their services provide for the purchaser’s at any time and where ever they need. Mobilink indigo has a broad system of sharing service in Pakistan. But Telenor persona has not to broad system of sharing as compare to Mobilink indigo and both companies services are available throughout their examine centers situated in all country. Franchises obtain well-situated for vendor to formulate the services obtainable to end users. (Promotion: Promotion means the method of communicate with your customers. Promotion formulates strong client’s buying authority and makes consumers buy choice easier. Mobilink indigo be appropriate heavy price associated with endorsement or publicity merchandise ; services. Doing well promotion add to deal so that services and other outlay are extend over a superior output. 2. 2Market segmentation strategies Market segmentation strategies are as followed under †¢ Sales dimensions/ No of customers: Mainly the project base on comparison of Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement it also primarily focal point the services of its clientele. The choice of purchaser and the means depends on the volume of clientele in that area. Mobilink indigo subscriber 31. 6 million (Approx) Telenor persona Telecom24. 7 million (Approx) †¢ Geographic Place This is the nearly everyone other most significant feature, equally the companies offered their item for consumption to the entire region of Pakistan. Generally they focus on big Cities i. e. Gujranwala, Karachi, Lahore as well as Islamabad. Punjab Sindh Balochistan Khyber Pakhtonkhan Azad Jammu ; Kashmir †¢ Physical Limitations Within Pakistan there are no boundary describe to make available the services by both companies. No such condition is stand in services about Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement of this corporation as yet it can go from corner to corner the state edge. †¢ Revenue This feature does not persuade the company marketplace segmentation policy 2. 3Target marketing strategies Mobilink Indigo Every region take account of AJK of Pakistan residents is the goal marketplace, each person in Pakistan desire to make use of mobile that make a wide goal market for the services area. At this time Mobilink indigo has in the order of Fifty million cellular subscribers. Mobilink indigo objective about Effectiveness of celebrity in brand endorsement is to imprison all section of its marketplace , early age kids , youthful, aged, undergraduate , expert, industry peoples, Mobilink indigo has modify selection of all these group of students of consumer. Within Pakistan the majority of the residents are based on middle class so Mobilink indigo is mostly focus aim their services are middle class popular. Following are the target marketing strategies of Mobilink indigo. Decreased value sales There are various diverse packages has been launch to thrust the purchaser to use the invention greatest. These packages also facilitate the client to control from one system to any more. Inducement on usage There are many inducement bring in to use the maximum services for example by calling initial two minutes the after that five minutes are without charge of price. Inducement on control to set of connections To give confidence the client Mobilink indigo as well as Telenor persona obtainable inducement to customers like free of charge minutes and without charge sms for a precise era. Telenor Persona Telenor persona market strategy is to focal point on to increase in number of subscriber through out the world and also focus to develop our leading position in certain regions with a broad range of communication services Following are the target marketing strategies of Telenor persona. To strengthen our location in certain province Telenor Persona try to strength our location in certain province for provide different service to our customer for target market. Focusing on the Customer’s section Focusing on the Customer’s segments means to build packages through extensive and aggressive study skill like because of its large incident as it is one of the establish in services, so they use their effective services and come up with so many packages in that state that is useful for kind of citizens. 2. 4Advertising objectives of the Company The advertising objectives are the following There are less ads being run for Telenor Persona in comparison to the Mobilink indigo. The reason for this is that the main objective is to keep a favorable brand image in the eyes of the corporate clients and there is not too much bombardment of ads. Also the ads are meant to enhance the postpaid users by offering them innovative services like internet, emailing, etc. The objective of Mobilink indigo and Telenor persona to make the services separate from others and to convince on the customers Mobilink indigo increase market share and to push brand favorite and to be a focus for maximum customers as well as to attain the association objective through services 2. 5Message strategy: For each brand and for a number of adverts for these brands there are different message strategies are used. Telenor-Persona The equivalent case is with Telenor, they modify their message executive method regularly to keep away from their customers other public get uninterested. For example Telenor used â€Å"technological proficiency† and â€Å"picture† which helps citizens smile on their visage. 2. 7 Reach, frequency and impact Mobilink indigo and Telenor persona to his most excellent to present their services to their customer and contributor it has a sensible budget for encouragement.

Skills for life Essays

Skills for life Essays Skills for life Essay Skills for life Essay But we fail to tell them our attributes and qualities, which re Just as important as our skills; education; experience; accreditation; and values. According to McPherson in his article The top 5 qualities you need to advance your career, after many surveys asking what employers look for in model employees, attributes are frequently first mentioned- not skill But rather person attributes and qualities (page 1) . He also lists the five attributes needed to advance in your career. I believe that you can use all five for life as well as school. Especially having interpersonal, flexible, and self-motivation skills. In life; college; and career you will always need to know how to deal with and work with people, deal with changes and be able to take constructive criticism as well as look for self-improvement. As I stated previously, I think all five skills are important in every aspect of life. My strongest attribute is being inquisitive and being a strategic thinker. I tend to ask a lot of questions and at times I can get on my family and friends nerves because I have a question about everything. I believe to every problem there is more than one elution and that one should think and analyze each solution before they finalize their answer. I tend to think out-side-of-the-box and over analyze everything. For example, anytime my fiance © and talk about going on a trip, we always get into a discussion about whether or not it is feasible to our budget. He is more of the take chances type of person, where I am the think of the future. I am very open minded and optimistic. I think this is a great strength because I can bring new ideas to a company. Another strength I have would be that I am self- motivated. I want the best for my true as well as my children future. When I want something, I will go to great measures to make sure I get it. My goals, kids, and pride are the reason I am so self- motivated And because I am my biggest critic, I do not accept failure. My biggest weakness is interpersonal skill. As much as I like to talk, I am not a people person. I can meet new people and get along with anyone, I am also friendly, but I do not really look for new friends or really deal well with people. I am more of a loner, which is ironic because I work in the medical field as an office assistant. This particular skill will definitely need to be developed, especially being a criminal Justice major focusing on social work. In order for me to be successful as a social worker, I would need to use all five skills. But the most important skill I would need in the criminal Justice field is interpersonal skills. In law enforcement, you have to deal with many people- all with different backgrounds, and attitudes. You cannot be distant or brush them off; you prepared based off of the skill that I am weak in. I think that this is a major skill and ill make or break me in my career and will keep me from advancing in my career. I also think that with practice and effort, that by the time I finish my time at this school I will be prepared for my career. I have realized a lot by writing this paper. One thing is that employers are looking for more than Just the average person. They are looking for a person whose attribute are Just as good as their resume. I also now realized how important these attributes are not only on the Job but in life as well. Having these 5 skills will help anyone be successful.

Why Leadership and Love for Learning Are Related

Why Leadership and Love for Learning Are Related Does Every Leader Need The Love For Learning? Its always hard to write things on leadership as you always keep thinking what would happen if people hate what you write? Could my article discourage them? Or can they misinterpret my ideas and use them to manipulate others? I know this will happen. But there will also be a great number of people who will be asking the question, trying to change something in their lives. This is what keeps me going. Effective Leadership Skills This is a touchy subject for me as we may spend hours arguing about what leader should look like but will never find the solution as it depends on the team, field, purpose, type of work involved, and so much more. Learning for leadership very often involves things like public speaking, project management, and critical thinking. But I would be lying if I didnt mention two qualities which I believe play the most crucial role and are important for almost any sphere or field: empathy and love for learning. Key Definitions Lets begin our article with some key definitions we may have to refer to in the process:leader (n) a person who willingly makes the choice of leading the team or group of people. They are not bosses, babysitters, or friends who will be there for you 24/7. learning (n) the continuous process of acquiring new skills, knowledge, and keeping things in perspective love (n) non-stopping affection for something or someone, similar to the basic need of the lasting presence of the object in your lifeSo you may have guessed we will be addressing the question of love for learning as a part of leadership character. It also important to remember that developing leadership character takes years of practice, devotion, and patience and its not something you can train during a weekend. What is the Love of Learning? Let me explain what is the love of learning is. Okay, first of all not all people who love learning are geeks. Learning is about finding something great about everything you deal with finding something important about it. So I would say that the love of learning incorporates next things:meaning and purpose of learning. You have to understand why this particular thing or subject is important to you and in what ways it can contribute to your learning opportunities vs. challenges. Are you capable of looking at troubles as challenges and converting challenges into opportunities? regular reflection. How often do you actually take time to evaluate where you are and feel good about yourself?So in other words, love for learning is a desire to turn problems into opportunities and learn from every single situation in your life. Easier said than done. Many people would do that if it was easy. How are Leader Learnings Different from Most People? I know I may be blamed for speculation here, but I have to warn you. Im talking about perfect circumstances and effective leadership skills, so this is a perfect cases scenario we are talking about. Most people think they have to learn from experts and leaders of industry only. While there is nothing bad about it, I have to say that great leaders can learn from everyone and everything taking ideas, beliefs, and insights from people in their lives. Most people learn only things theyve majored in or things in their fields. There is nothing bad about professional growth, but successful leader understands that studying across different fields brings the perspective and helps find a creative approach towards the most complex and complicated problems. Most people learn when they are forced to, meaning when they have to get the degree or want to earn promotion. A smart leader understands the need for life-long learning and can acquire skills before they actually need them. A key to effective leadership is the ability to is to inspire others to learn. Can that be developed or it is a natural feature? I sincerely believe that almost every trait humans have can be taught or trained, so the question remains: how to inspire the love for learning in people?Encourage personal interest: the better we relate to the certain subject, the easier it will be to find any sort of interest in it. Ask questions and let people ask questions by creating a safe environment and making sure people can open up. Inspire the growth of the mindset. People who are satisfied with what they are can be good people, but they will never actually achieve anything great. Develop your own love for growth. Inspiring others by showing your personal example is amazing, so pay attention and take care of your own love for learning.So you really can teach other people this quality, under one simple condition: you have to have it! Summary Good leaders learn. It is that simple and unbeatable at the same time. Leadership is a life-long commitment to learning and the best thing you could do is love what you have to do. What is much harder is learning to inspire others and share the love you have in order to ignite the spark in them. Among all aspects of leadership, love for learning can be the most contagious one yet it can be the most tricky to share with others.

Ethics of Death Penalty essays

Ethics of Death Penalty essays Throughout the ages, the death penalty has been used as one of the severe ways to punish or deter people from breaking all range of laws from petty theft to murder; and many times as to set forth an example of a consequence when an individual betrays communal entity such as nationality and kindred. Evidently, the capital punishment is the ultimate punishment, for the determined offender is given no opportunity of repentance or rehabilitation. Over the years in the United States, the standards for sentencing the  ¡Ã‚ °ultimate ¡ punishment has changed. The constitutionality of the death penalty is a highly controversial issue leading to seemingly circular arguments. Both the pro and the anti capital punishment viewpoints can be justified in legal scope, however the validity of the death penalty policy can be further examined. The death penalty satisfies the public ¡Ã‚ ¯s need for retribution, relieves the anguish of the victim ¡Ã‚ ¯s family, permanently removes the actual incorrigible criminal from society. The capital punishment can be justified in many ways. In 1976 the US states began creating a bifurcated(dual) trial procedure that would legally allow imposing the death sentence. The states did so in response to the 1972 (Furman vs. Georgia) supreme court decision which ruled that death penalty statutes were too vague and ambiguous, thus unconstitutional and illegal. The notion of the capital punishment dates back thousands of years back to the primal justice system. For example, many western cultures embrace the Holy Bible as their moral and ethical foundation. God set forth his words as a guide by which to live our lives. God ¡Ã‚ ¯s commandments are eternal. Even though one of the ten commandments states  ¡Ã‚ °Thou shall not kill ¡, there are many incidents in the old testament wh ere the book promotes  ¡Ã‚ °an eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth ¡ principle as also set forth in the ancient book of Hamurab...

COMPARATIVE LEGAL SYSTEMS( Coursework) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPARATIVE LEGAL SYSTEMS( Coursework) - Essay Example By adopting the French and Italian model, Guatemala has successfully designed its judicial system. The judicial reform has brought about segmentation as because often the civil laws in Guatemala have different interpretations. The fact that, the laws are based on different legal philosophies, account for this problem. On the whole, adoption of new reform has proved to be effective for controlling administration of the State. Adoption of French civil law: Guatemala. The French were the first to adopt new regulations about sodomy. Under the new regulations, criminal charges that were till then associated with sodomy were removed. This initiative was first of its kind in Western Europe, during the eighteenth century. This legal measure was later on adopted by numerous nations like Netherlands, Guatemala, Mexico, Luxemburg, Japan, Switzerland, Greece, Thailand, etc. Laws pertaining to sodomy were adopted by Guatemala in 1871, as a measure to acknowledge natural sexual orientation in huma n beings. Thus, the French legal norms adopted by Guatemala decriminalize sexual acts- both heterogeneous and homogenous. It was a measure taken by Guatemalan government to decrease serious physical assaults. For quite some time, Guatemala has been troubled by increasing rate of hate crimes. Gays, lesbians, and transsexuals are the usual victims of hate crimes. Often the crimes committed are too violent in nature. Due to all these, it was necessary for Guatemala to adopt a specific code of law for this issue. The French civil laws were most appropriate for this issue. After adopting the French civil lows, Guatemalan government has ensured that its citizens do not face any discrimination based on their sexuality2. The French civil laws were adopted by Guatemala with an objective to simply issues regarding oral case, role of judges, responsibilities and liberty of prosecutors, and also about investigation and evidentiary arguments. Introduction of French civil laws has helped to contr ol crimes, for Guatemala has been experiencing crimes due high poverty and social inequalities. Slow economic progress is yet another reason for Guatemala having such a high crime rate. Moreover, the French civil laws have helped in controlling crime scenario. At the same time, it has also simplified Guatemala’s private laws. Also, the French laws have shaped by Guatemala’s commercial scenario. Thus, it could be said that France had numerous implications in Guatemala’s penal structure3. Difference between application of French civil law in France and Guatemala The civil laws were adopted by Guatemala differ in application in France and Guatemala. According to the French civil law, crimes of individual were viewed keeping in mind the relationship shared by the individual charged with criminal offences and his or her society. Due to this, French governments insists more on investigation procedure, thus making the while legal procedure a lengthy one. Also, French c ivil laws consider and accept every single provision, through which the accused could defend itself. The laws also hold any individual guilty only after his guilt is proven in the court of law. The French civil laws also support abolition of torture. This implies that the neither the accused nor the criminals could be subjected to cruelty and barbarism under any situation4 In France, the prisoners are even allowed to vote. Also they are not made to work or they have to attend any educational

Wall street journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Wall street journal - Essay Example It has also been equipped with Apple’s Touch ID fingerprint reader. The Touch ID allows users to purchase items within apps by using Apple Pay payment services in addition to also acting as a security feature (Wakabayashi, 2014). In July 2013, Apple announced that it would work with International Business Machines Corp so as to develop iPad and iPhone apps that would cater to the workplace. By positioning the iPad as a possible PC replacement for the newly emergent generation of workers, Apple is noted to be aiming at attempting to answer the existential question noted to be facing tablet computers as technology continues to evolve. As smartphones continue to grow bigger with more powerful processors and larger screens, this trend is noted to be visible in Apple’s own products as is demonstrated in the case of the newly released iPhone 6 plus which comes with a 5.5-inch display that is nearly encroaching on iPad Mini’s 7.9-inch screen. Having been the first tablet computer in 2010, Wakabayashi (2014) points out that the iPad was largely a runaway success but demand for the product has started to gradually slow. A key reason as to why the sale of tablets is gradually decreasing is that people that own iPads are not replacing their tablet computers nearly as often as they tend to swap their phones. It is estimated that about 46% of the iPads that are currently in use are the original iPad and iPad 2 that were initially introduced in 2010 and 2011 respectively. The new iPad Air 2 is largely expected to help drive what will be â€Å"an upgrade cycle† among the currently existing owners of iPads. Other than the iPad Air 2, Apple also plans on unveiling a new iPad Mini 3, that will come with Touch ID as well as a new iMac personal computer. To compete with lower priced rivals that run Google Inc’s Android operating system, Apple cut the price of last year’s iPad model down to $299 while that for its previous iPad minis was reduced to $249. Apple is also

The international economic scenario Research Paper

The international economic scenario - Research Paper Example The accounting requirement for businesses has also changed due to this change. Demands of stakeholders have changed when it comes to information. This is because stakeholders are also becoming global. Single investors holds portfolio of investments in many different regions of the world. Similarly companies invest in many different nations, thus the demand for accounting regulations has totally changed since the last few years. International Economy Online stock exchanges provide excess to capital to organizations from different areas of the world. A very good example would be NASDAQ allowing American firms to raise capital from as far away as Brunei. Another major reason of change in the global regulatory scenario has been the recent economic meltdown. The global economic meltdown is perceived as not only a failure of organizations ability to regulate them but also a failure of regulations and regulatory bodies. Therefore organizations are forced to look for markets beyond their hom e countries (Europe and USA) to alternate investment and capital sources. Thus in many ways the financial crisis is also forcing organizations to go more global. With going global comes the challenge of tackling many different financial systems and regulatory bodies. ... FASB is an American body credited with the formulation of GAAP i.e. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Differences The FASB is operating in a highly litigious environment and thus the GAAP are formulated to suit this environment. This is the very reason that GAAP is a more comprehensive and detailed accounting standard. This would seem a positive aspect of any accounting standard but in reality it becomes a lot difficult to implement or understand GAAP. Moreover for organizations working outside the United States it becomes even more difficult to understand the GAAP as it is closely linked with American Legal system. Similarly IASB is responsible for the formulation of IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards). As the name suggests, as compared to GAAP, IFRS are simply standards rather than principles. Although apparently minor in nature, this difference totally redefines the IASB standards. This is because IFRS are more taken as more a set of broader guidelines rathe r than hard-core principles. For many years there has been a competition for dominance amongst the two reporting bodies. This race has already been won by IFRS. The structure of IFRS allows more internationally different regulatory bodies to adopt and adapt them. Thus allow them to address their own specific need and still remain understandable to users and evaluators. Therefore globally IFRS has become the global reporting standards. Emerging markets, underdeveloped economies and developed economies have all shifted to IFRS. The Unites States is also gradually shifting from GAAP to IFRS. The gradual process started with US companies being allowed to report in IFRS as per their discretion. Moreover the AICPA has announced that a gradual process would be

Pragmatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pragmatics - Essay Example Characterization of polite language includes careful selection of words as well as the reconstruction of the speaker’s communicative intentions through the use of logic practical reasoning (Brown 8). The use of honorifics due to the presence of complex strata within societies in order to impersonalize people as well to further elaborate politeness is another feature seen in polite forms of languages. Also, the concept of face, or the public image of the speaker as he or she perceives it and how everyone else recognizes it, becomes a motivation to be polite at all times, as seen through the eyes of other cultures (Grebe 6). By projecting a positive image of their selves, people are able to communicate effectively in such a way that they get what they want and at the same time are able to maintain their good public images by their careful selection of words and actions. Strong motivation to do as such is a key point in the use of polite forms of language, which is a reason why it still persists up to the present (Brown 23). Depending on the quality as well as the type of social relationship between the speaker and the listener, the style of speech would also be adjusted accordingly (Carter 170). Politeness with regards to speech stems from the different hierarchies within a culture, and by not using respectful language towards different classes of people, speakers would become the target of stigmatization and persecution by the community (Watts 44). The lack of politeness in speech could also mean life or death in ancient cultures as well which suggests the evolution of polite speech patterns in most languages. Most output suggests that politeness in linguistics also originated from the use of indirections in speech, as well as hints, and by not being outright or the avoidance of blatant speech gives the speaker a more amiable or positive image (Carter 169). This also saves a person’s face, or the clean public image of a

THe Crucible Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

THe Crucible - Article Example They begin dancing and performing their rituals but are surprised when Reverend Parris comes to them. Reverend Parris is the father of one of the girls, Betty, who is involved in witchcraft. The girls scream and run while Betty and one other girl fall into a mysterious maniac sleep. Soon begins the game, where allegations of witchcraft are being thrown around every which way by a group of girls led by Abigail Williams (Winona Ryder). The twist is that these girls have actually been dealing with the devil themselves. Reverend John Hale, an authority on witchcraft, is called by Reverend Parris to investigate what is going on. Abigails accusations take on a more personal agenda when she points her accusing finger at the wife (Joan Allen) of John Proctor (Daniel Day-Lewis), a farmer with whom Abigail had a torrid affair. John had confessed it to his wife Elizabeth, and their relationship has consequently suffered. Abigail is still in love with John, so she tells the court that Elizabeth Proctor is a witch. Of those accused are Rebecca’s Nurse and Martha Corey. Then the police come to arrest Elizabeth on the grounds of supernaturally sticking a needle in Abigails stomach. Everybody is fooled by the girls, including the judge Thomas Danforth. Proctor tries to counter the girls by producing Mary Warren, his servant, who is willing to admit the girls lied. However, all the girls accuse Mary of witchcraft, and she eventually accuses Proctor to save her skin. By this point, Reverend John Hale realizes the corruption and injustice of the court and endeavors to defend Proctor. However, the girls prevail and Proctor is promptly arrested for witchcraft. Hale who has lost all hopes of justice advices the prisoners to plead guilty to witchcraft, so that they can at least live. Proctor signs a confession, but retracts it when he realizes that judge Danforth intends to nail the confession to the church door. He fears that his name will be ruined along with

Pragmatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Pragmatics - Essay Example Characterization of polite language includes careful selection of words as well as the reconstruction of the speaker’s communicative intentions through the use of logic practical reasoning (Brown 8). The use of honorifics due to the presence of complex strata within societies in order to impersonalize people as well to further elaborate politeness is another feature seen in polite forms of languages. Also, the concept of face, or the public image of the speaker as he or she perceives it and how everyone else recognizes it, becomes a motivation to be polite at all times, as seen through the eyes of other cultures (Grebe 6). By projecting a positive image of their selves, people are able to communicate effectively in such a way that they get what they want and at the same time are able to maintain their good public images by their careful selection of words and actions. Strong motivation to do as such is a key point in the use of polite forms of language, which is a reason why it still persists up to the present (Brown 23). Depending on the quality as well as the type of social relationship between the speaker and the listener, the style of speech would also be adjusted accordingly (Carter 170). Politeness with regards to speech stems from the different hierarchies within a culture, and by not using respectful language towards different classes of people, speakers would become the target of stigmatization and persecution by the community (Watts 44). The lack of politeness in speech could also mean life or death in ancient cultures as well which suggests the evolution of polite speech patterns in most languages. Most output suggests that politeness in linguistics also originated from the use of indirections in speech, as well as hints, and by not being outright or the avoidance of blatant speech gives the speaker a more amiable or positive image (Carter 169). This also saves a person’s face, or the clean public image of a

Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Assessment - Essay Example All in all, no form of learning can be successful and useful if the learners are not assessed. An understanding of the concept of assessment majorly relies on the reasons behind the use of tests on the learners, both by the teachers and learners. In the work by Segers & Tillema (2011), teachers hold the view that assessments are tools that check the performance of the learners; thus, set a ground of what top be taught in the future lessons, while the some of the students hold the view that assessments are beneficial for learning as they check whether concepts have been grasped; others felt that the entire process especially the summative assessment was completely unfair, due to variations in testing. From this study, it is justified to argue that assessments are tools of learning especially when there is a form of balance between summative and formative assessments. Remesal (2011) indicates that assessments, in the view of the teachers have been regarded as a tool that aids in the improvement of the learners grades. The work also indicates that assessments are mere tools for accountability by the school’s administration, and that they may be useless if they are not relevant in the school life of the students. Offering induction to the teachers can be extremely useful in administering tests to the learners, since a great percentage of them take it as a normal activity in the schools’ program; thus, do not give it the utmost seriousness it deserves. In the view of Knauss (2001), the issue of assessment has a lot to do with the importance ascribed by the major stakeholders of education or rather the learning process. The administration has a particular aim, as well as the parents, learners and teachers. In this case, Knauss (2001) indicates that the kind of psychological assessments are the roles of the psychologists that are existent in the school. All tests in this context must be directed to satisfying the

Great Expectation Essay Example for Free

Great Expectation Essay Compare the filming techniques used in Pips first meeting with Miss Havisham with two adaptations of Charles Dickenss Great Expectations  The two film clips that this essay will be based on, and comparing, is a version by Julian Jarrold which appeared on TV screens in 1999 and a much older cinema appearance by David Lean from 1946. The first noticeable difference is that the earlier film is played in black and white and therefore has certain lighting limitations and, as a result of technological disadvantages, has limited camera shot availability. However, there are a number of useful factors available for analysis. Both films attempt to build up a sense of mystery and increasing tension all the way through the scenes and the task in hand is to focus in on all the different types of filming techniques used to do so. On the whole, the 1999 version is darker than the 1946 edition and this increases the tension factor. Each scene takes us from Pip entering Miss Havishams room to when he leaves and incorporates all of the insults and belittling from Miss Havisham and Estella, although even this is played differently in the two films; David Lean makes very obvious insults as though Estella is actually telling him he is lower than her yet in Jarrolds version Estella either insults Pip to Miss Havisham or to herself in an undertone. There are six main techniques used by each director which this essay will analyse, they are: shot types and framing-how each camera shot affects the mood of the scene, camera angles and lens movement-how the camera is positioned and what bearing that has on the scene, editing, music and sound effects-the backing sounds and its effect on the viewer, costumes-what each actor is wearing and what it does for the characters personality/appearance, lighting and visual effects-how the light and dark areas of the screen portray different ideas. Firstly, there are a few similarities between both scenes Shot types and framing/Camera angles and lens movements/Editing. The first is that both incorporate a long shot as Pip enters to show the huge room in front of him and show that this room really is intimidating as Pip looks tiny compared to the huge open space ahead. Secondly, both films show Pips reaction as a close up shot after the insults from Estella, this gives the viewer a real sense of pity for Pip and shows us what exactly is going through his mind at the time. The final similarity is as the game of cards unfolds, both films fade into the game to show a passing of time and both use an extreme close up to show us what is happening and, Miss Havisham is sat high on a chair in the middle, with Pip and Estella on the floor either side, with a medium shot, making Miss Havisham look very dominant and the children look almost patronised. The 1999 version has a lengthy amount of time when Pip is wondering around the room looking at certain objects, building up mystery and tension, which Jarrold misses out and skips from Pip entering straight to his conversation with Miss Havisham. This added section has a mixture of medium close ups, close ups and extreme close ups, but all the way through the shots are positioned a bit higher than Pip so it gives the audience the idea that somebody has a watchful eye on him, and this, to a certain extent, is almost creepy, certainly builds up mystery and also borderlines on scary. For example, when Pip is walking past the dummies the camera is high up so it is as though the viewers are looking through Miss Havishams eyes. The other main camera uses are when Pip sees Miss Havisham in the mirror, she looks virtually ghost like and it is almost scary, but just before she appears, its looks again as though he is being watched, and as Miss Havisham waves her arm to tell Pip to play, there is a close up of her arm to show her dominance and shortly after a close up of Pips face to show the confused reaction. This section of the scene is very clever camera work by Jarrold, and really does freak the audience out. Both films use shot types, framing, camera angles, lens movement and editing differently, but there a number of specific differences between the two. When the two films join back up, there are many different camera uses and consequences of such. In the 1946 version, there is a long shot as Pip walks up to Miss Havisham and a medium close up as they talk to one-another and as Pip advances further, the camera moves in an arc to keep him and Miss Havisham on the picture at the same time. When they are closer, it allows an even closer shot than before of their faces and therefore portrays both expressions and the reactions to each others expressions individually. An addition to this version of Great Expectations is how the camera zooms in on a cobweb covered bible to show the lost faith of Miss Havisham, and explain to the audience that something terrible has happened earlier in her life to make her do so. A two shot of Miss Havisham and Pip is on screen, and, as Estella joins the camera slides horizontally to follow her in. As Estella whispers in Miss Havishams ear there is a two shot to portray Miss Havishams expression. When Miss Havisham asks Pip his opinion of Estella he is made to whisper it in her ear but as he does so there is a medium close up showing all three expressions at the same time, i.e. Pips horror as Miss Havisham tells Estella what he has just said and Estellas delight of hearing such approving words. As Pip approaches the gate to go home, there is another fade in to show more time has passed by. This can be compared with the 1999 version which has a much briefer conversation between Pip and Miss Havisham as much time is spent when Pip walks around, but, when Pip is whispering about Estella, the camera zooms in on Estellas face to show her reaction after being praised by Pip. Finally, when Pip and Miss Havisham are talking, there is a two shot of them to show each reaction as each person says something.

The Success Of Inmate Reentry Programs

The Success Of Inmate Reentry Programs What can correctional facilities offer to inmates to help those that are about to be released from prison keep from being rearrested. Most inmates who are released have no job, money, or a place to live. The same pressures and temptations that landed ex-offenders in prison are present in the environment that they often go back to. The key elements of successful re-entry into society after prison are finding and keeping a lucrative job, finding a descent place to live, and finding a mentor to help guide them in the right direction. Most of the communities that former inmates are released into are most often impoverished neighborhoods that do not contain the support that is key to the success of reentry into society from correctional facilities. Re-entry programs offered by correctional facilities can help smooth the transition, but they are not always successful. This paper discusses the successes and often the failures of the inmate re-entry programs. The Success of Inmate Re-Entry Programs Work release and educational programs were created throughout the federal prison systems as an effort to provide ex-offenders with an opportunity for preparation for release back into the community and to be productive contributors to society. Are these programs successful at their attempts, or is it a waste of government and taxpayers money? In order to determine whether work programs are successful, considerations of an evaluation deploying proper statistical methods require a good number of people in the study. A possible way to gauge former inmates may be to question and get information and ask questions during visits to parole officers. In reality, however, attempts to gather self-reported crime in this fashion has the possibility of yielding poor results. Former inmates reluctantly make confessions of crimes. Moreover, working through a parole office increases the difficulty of guaranteeing the anonymity of research subjects. More than 700,000 people are released from state and Federal prison annually while another 9 million cycle through local jails over and over. Statistics provided by the Office of National Drug Control Policy indicate that more than two-thirds of state prisoners are rearrested within three years of their release and half are re-incarcerated(Caporizzo, 2011). More crime, more victims, and more pressure on an already overburdened criminal justice system are named as the causes for recidivism. Recidivism can be defined in different ways and in different contexts. A generally used meaning might be a rectum to crime. It is almost impossible to truly gauge the rate of rectum to crime for any group of former prisoners because of the difficulty to locate individuals. The Administrations National Drug Control Strategy supports comprehensive change within the criminal justice system stating that, promoting a combined public health/public safety approach to stop the all-too-common cycle of arrest, incarceration, release, and re-arrest of prior offenders (Dryden, 1975). The cost for incarceration stretches far beyond the prison walls, meals provided to inmates daily, and the guards who potentially put themselves in harms way each day. The United States incarcerates more people than any other country in the world. It costs over $26,000 to incarcerate one federal prisoner for one year more than the average cost of one year of college education. American taxpayers spend over $60 billion each year on prisons. Half of all federal prisoners and one in five state prisoners are there for drug related offenses which are usually a nonviolent. Men who have served time in prison earn 40 percent less each year than men who have not been in prison. One in every 28 children under age 18 has a parent in prison. Long mandatory sentences have led to overcrowded, unsafe prisons that are less cost-effective than alternatives like treatment and drug courts (Caporizzo, 2011). Reentry programs are designed to assist incarcerated individuals with a successful transition to their community after they are released. President Obamas has a strategy called the National Drug Control Strategy that calls for supporting post-incarceration reentry efforts by assisting former inmates in job placement, facilitating access to drug-free housing, and providing other supportive services. Obamas National Drug Control Strategy is participating in the Federal Interagency Reentry Council, first convened in January 2011 by Attorney General Eric Holder who states, The Councils main purpose is to make communities safer, assisting those returning from prison and jail in becoming productive, tax-paying citizens and saving taxpayer dollars by lowering the direct and collateral costs of incarceration (Caporizzo, 2011). The access to college courses, another program that is offered to inmates, has been available to increasingly large numbers of prisoners since the early seventies. Public funds support such educational programs. As part of governmental criminal justice policy, one explicit aim of this prison higher education has been to reduce the likelihood of criminal behavior among those released from prison. Have prison college programs reduced recidivism? When examination of follow-up data from matched comparison groups that have not received programs was compared to groups that have received the programs, little difference from the treatment was often seen. It was concluded that correctional rehabilitation programs were by and large ineffective in reducing recidivism. There are two theories that attempt at explaining why former inmates return to prison. The first of this theory is the opportunity theory. It claims that crime derives from a persons lack of opportunity for legitimate economic advancement. The expectation that prisoners who earn college credits will get better jobs after release than they would otherwise, according to this theory, justifies prison college classes. Some criminologists, observing the slight impact social programs have had on recidivism rates, lack confidence in opportunity theory to do much about the crime problem. Moral development is the second theory that has been used to justify prison college programs. According to this view, a prisoner becomes more generally honest by studying and discussing the moral dilemmas encountered in liberal arts courses. Quite apart from the intervening cause of getting a good job, thus, the theory of moral development sees higher education operating directly on personality to produce law-abiding behavior (Lockwood, p. 140). It was found that participation in work-release or college programs had no effect on the length of time until return to criminal activity, the percentage of men who return to criminal activity, or the frequency of participation in criminal activity after release from prison. However, there was a highly significant effect on the seriousness of criminal activity. Both the average length of sentence received and the length of the most serious sentence are significantly lower for men who participated in a work-release program. Men who were not on work release were found to have a much greater probability of returning to prison for a felony than those men who participated in a work-release program. The effectiveness of work release on providing work experience and a stable job record is supported by the greater work stability, lower unemployment rate, and higher wages of men who have been on a work-release program when compared with men who have not been on the program. Greater work stability is associated with a decline in the seriousness of criminal activity. 16 percent of the men who had been on work release claimed it helped them after prison by providing a job reference, and 25 percent said the work experience they gained helped them significantly after release. It was also found that there was little objective support for attributing the effectiveness of work release to increased family stability. Being married and having dependents also has no significant association with the seriousness of criminal activity. Subjectively, men who had been on work release found the ability it gave them to support their dependents while in prison to be one of the most important benefits o f the program. There was little objective support for believing that work release provided new job skills. Most work-release jobs have a low skill level. The skill level of the first job after release for former work release inmates were significantly higher than the skill level of the first job obtained by men who had not been on a work-release program. The fact that 39 percent of the men had been on a work-release program remained on their work-releasejobs at least for a short period after release from prison supports the effectiveness of work-release in providing a job after prison. However, staying on ones work-release job does not appear to be significantly related to the seriousness of criminal activity. The effect of work release in providing a man with money on release is rather interesting. Subjectively, men who had been on work release found the money it provided them on release to be the single most important benefit of the work-release program. The project had no objective measure of the effect of contacts with the free community on postrelease performance. However, 30 percent of the men who had been on work release said that their experience eased their adjustment. According to the findings by Lynn Goodstein (1980), work-release is a successful program: men who have been on the work-release program commit less serious criminal offenses after release from prison. Although the determinate sentence is generally discussed as a unified concept, it appears to be comprised of two independent factors which can be considered separately-equity in sentencing and predictability of release. Evidence from psychological research on stress and intrinsic motivation is presented to substantiate claims by critics of the indeterminate sentence that it results in heightened inmate-anxiety and poor program-performance. Ensuring predictability of release is an important objective which is likely to result in benefits for both inmates and the correctional system as a whole (Goodstein, p. 365). A Panel on Research on Rehabilitative Techniques of the National Research Council drew a random sample of the cases that Lipton, Martinson, and Wilks examined. They carried out an independent analysis of these data (Sechrest, White, and Brown, 1979). Even though the Panel found the research methods used in these evaluations so inadequate that only a few studies allowed for sure conclusions, they did make this statement in 1979: We do not now know of any program or method of rehabilitation that could be guaranteed to reduce the criminal activity of released offendersbut the quality of the work that has been done and the narrow range of options explored militates against any policy reflecting a final pessimism. (Sechrest, White, and Brown, 1979, p.34). This still holds true today. Since 1979, when the National Research Council Panel carried out its work, prison higher education programs have proliferated. But given the conclusion of the panel, and the results of the Martinson Report, why should one think that prison higher education will reduce recidivism any more than other programs that have failed? In considering this question one can look to at least two theories of crime. These propositions, if true, could justify the cost to the public of providing college education to imprisoned offenders as a rational crime prevention measure.

Essay --

GEC ENGLISH CURRICULUM GUIDE & LESSON PLANS How to Use this Curriculum Guide This series of lessons and resources builds upon the Uganda English Language Curriculum of lower and upper primary Uganda syllabi. It offers students an opportunity to use critical thinking and challenges them to become more fluent in English. Emphasis and practice is centered on the receptive and productive skills of Listening, Writing, Reading and Speaking. In each lesson, students will practice the four skills for English fluency - Speaking (S), Writing (W), Reading (R) and Listening (L).Depending on individual learning needs of girls, each day, learning facilitators may concentrate on a different fluency rather than giving nearly equal time to each fluency. Where necessary, all skills can be given equal time. Learning activities should also be enhanced to be more difficulty or reduced for beginners. In addition, learning facilitators will see â€Å"facilitator’s choice† in some categories in the overview. This means the facilitator can assign homework or out of cl ass activities to address a given fluency or they can add an activity during class time that addresses the desired fluency. The facilitator is given flexibility based on the needs of the class. Resources needed for each lesson included in the folders for each week. The units integrate a variety of topics and current events so students are using English in contexts that apply to them. The lessons also address multiple learning styles to appeal to and engage a variety of learners. For reference purposes and more practice for the learners, English language set books 1-3 should be utilized. Individual learning is integral to the lessons in this unit and every learner in the CLC is expect... ...s with your co-teachers as they accomplish the tasks. 5. Assign practice and extension activities to learners from worksheets and practical English Ogundipe text. Homework: Facilitator’s choice. WEEK 5 Lesson objectives By the end of the week students should be able to; †¢ Apply words of quantity in their compositions and discussions. †¢ Use the different types of sentences in their writing. †¢ Identify and apply a variety of punctuation in their work. Teacher Prep: Be familiar with words of quantity and more punctuation marks. Materials: ï‚ § Notes & Worksheets on words of quantity. ï‚ § Practical English Ogundipe Bks 1-3 ï‚ § White board and markers. ï‚ § English language dictionaries. Procedures: 1 Begin this lesson by asking students to complete a writing task. Select according to students’ levels and abilities from the folder ELS Lower Secondary multiple tasks. 2 â€Æ'

Iago as the Perfect Villain of Shakespeares Othello Essay -- Othello

Iago as the Perfect Villain of Othello   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Iago, the villain in Shakespeare’s Othello, is a round character of great depth and many dimensions. Iago works towards an aim that is constantly changing and becomes progressively more tragic. Yet, at times, "honest" Iago does actually seem honest. This essay will explore the complex character of "honest Iago. One of the most interesting questions that crops up is concerning Iago’s motives. What are his reasons to kill every major Venetian in Cyprus? Shakespeare seemingly sets the stage for Iago’s actions, giving him two distinct reasons to avenge Othello. The first is the fact that Othello promotes Cassio, an "arithmetician" to the rank of lieutenant and passes over Iago who is but a sergeant. Secondly, Iago is suspicious of his wife, Emilia and thinks she is sleeping with every other man but him—including Othello. There are other reasons that Iago talks about in his soliloquies—the primary one being jealousy or "the green-eyed monster." Iago resents the love that Othello and Desdemona share and also takes offence at the fact that Othello is older, yet he has a young and beautiful wife, power, and respect, all that Iago desires. However, all these reasons seem to be false and made-up just for the sake of being excuses for his malice. He also uses these reasons to convince Roderigo to hate Othello. The real motive seems but a slip on Iago’s part when he says in act five, as he waits to stab Cassio: "If Cassio do remain, He hath a daily beauty in his life That makes me ugly..." He refers to Cassio’s goodness here and realizes that he lacks his gentlemanly traits. They are not quite of the same class and Iago resents that, for he knows that the promotion was not ... ... that people, who all along look up to him and call him "honest" Iago, realize this. Being a Shakespearean tragedy, Iago and—ultimately—evil, triumphs.    Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A. C.. Shakespearean Tragedy. New York: Penguin, 1991. Di Yanni, Robert. â€Å"Character Revealed Through Dialogue.† Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Literature. N. p.: Random House, 1986. Mack, Maynard. Everybody’s Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993. Shakespeare. Othello. The Longman Anthology of British Literature. Ed. Rossi. New York: Longman, 1999. 312-379. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.   

How Useful Are Sources A to C To Explain Why The United States Became Involved In The War In Vietnam?

Sources A-C gives us some insight into why the USA fought and got involved in Vietnam and reveals a number of reasons about Vietnam. I shall be reviewing each source from which I have stated above. Sources A, B and C. Source A is a primary public speech made by President Johnson (Lyndon Baines Johnson) in April 1965 just one month after the start of ‘Operation Rolling Thunder' helping to stop communism according to the provenance. In the speech Johnson is stating in the source, I quote â€Å"We fight in Vietnam because we have a promise to keep†. By this statement indeed Johnson did want his opinions to be heard and notified by his fellow American citizens, so they shall believe every word that comes out of Johnson's mouth. This was due to a promise being made by President Eisenhower when he was elected president in the year of 1953. Lyndon Johnson wishes all the Americans to trust in what he is saying to be 100% truthful and is trying to carry on regarding the promise made by Eisenhower and earn everyone's respect. The ‘Truman Doctrine' was also mentioned about. This is a list of every American President who had been elected in year 1948 to agree with a various amount of promises which they written then had to sign. Truman Doctrine was a promise they were fighting for â€Å"promised to help when there are any threats of communism†. So Johnson decided he wanted to do the same thing, so he signed and agreed once president. In the year of 1954, President Eisenhower and JFK started transporting â€Å"advisers† as the first president Kennedy would have wanted. From the tone of Johnson's words in the speech, you can tell he jus maybe talking in a religious manner and might even be a religious person within the speech. President Lyndon Johnson wants to reassure every single American citizen about the â€Å"Domino Theory†. This was a theory of a mid-20th century foreign policy theory. The title ‘Domino' is given to this theory because it can end up like a stack of dominos. This is because if you let one country fall to communism then each over country around that county would then soon follow falling one to another and become communism itself and Johnson was petrified of this happening. Lyndon Johnson is trying to make everyone go and fight in the Vietnam War. As most of the American citizens believed this is what would eventually happen if just one country did fall to communism and it's why Johnson is trying to justify himself. In the year of 1945 nearly all of all the American leaders all offered to help and give their own support of the Vietnam War. President Eisenhower was a well respected and great general of the war. There was one thing which was expected to be achieved or aimed said by President Johnson in the speech, I quote â€Å"the independence of the South and the freedom of the people of South Vietnam to guide their own country in their own way'. The Americans also think that they're available to strengthen â€Å"world order† because the U.S.A as democratic wanting to stop communism. Although there were two countries that relied on the Americans if they were at any point attacked which were ‘Thailand' and ‘Berlin'. If Vietnam was left to fight for itself, then it would increasingly look terrible on some of the promises which the Americans agreed with, due to American's believing it was their duty and their own right to fight for Vietnam. Johnson implied, I quote â€Å"to leave Vietnam to its fate would shake the value of an American commitment and in the value of America's word. The result would be instability and unrest, and even wider war†. I could say this source is being very biased, due to because Johnson is only giving his own opinion on what the American citizens want to hear, whilst he is keeping his real thoughts inside and not expressing his personal opinions. The source can be seen quite useful, but has limitations, as I have stated, it's a public speech where Johnson isn't really voicing his truths about what he thinks of Vietnam. To look at Johnson's person views, then I can begin to study source B. Source B is a private primary speech made by President Johnson in May 1964 according to the provenance. At this point in time, Lyndon Baines Johnson was only just elected president. With Johnson being V.P. (Vice President) he knew a lot regarding Vietnam and knew how everything worked. Lyndon Johnson became the thirty-seventh Vice President in the years from and to 1963-1965. Johnson was one of the major leaders of the ‘Democratic Party'. Also Lyndon Johnson was the one who were in charge of creating the â€Å"Great Society†. President Lyndon Baines in this private speech is discussing a number of things which includes criticizing most of his very own American citizens. I quote â€Å"I don't think the people of our country know much about Vietnam, and I think we care a hell of a lot less†. From Johnson stating these words, he is blatantly calling most of the American citizens dumb, thick and lack of knowledge about the Vietnam. With Johnson saying this, he has a very low profile on the American citizens and implies that the U.S.A cannot win the war. In public no-one would use the word â€Å"hell† like Johnson did in the speech, due to it being a southern religious Texan society which always stayed faithful and don't appreciate foul language such as swearing. Speaking in Private Johnson doesn't care what he is implying and doesn't have to bite his tongue to try and stop himself from voicing his very own opinions like he does when speaking out in public. As Johnson knows that none of the American citizens shall hear what he really thinks about them. In this source President Johnson is really voicing his opinions. You know this by Johnson saying, I quote â€Å"I don't think we can fight them ten thousand miles away from home, I don't think it's worth fighting for. What the hell is Vietnam worth to me?† Johnson is agreeing that the U.S.A need to stand up to communism, as Johnson is terrified of communism. Although, he is trying to get his personal views across which is stating Vietnam is not worth anything at all. It's like Lyndon Johnson isn't really concerned and couldn't care less about his people and about the Vietnam War. It's showing us that Johnson is scared and has fears of communism taking over the world as states and that the political consideration â€Å"Let's move on, let's go into the North† are just being selfish. We have to be very suspicious within this speech, as it hasn't been edited or tampered with and indeed if it's all whole trustworthy. Possibly was it taped? As it has been to believed that since President Johnson been president in the white house his office was monitored by everything that had been said by recorders. But is this really reliable and exactly what U.S.A. President Lyndon Baines Johnson really said? As I have stated before it can be edited in various ways making things sound different from what has actually been said, which could make this source a limitation. Source C is a secondary speech of a modern writer interview with Professor Noam Chomsky, an American critic of the war in October 1982 according to the provenance underneath the extract. The interview is talking about political reasons of the U.S.A and how they went to war which was to dominate Vietnam. Also to discontinue South Vietnam from independence and indeed there was an attack on South Vietnam from the U.S.A. Professor Noam Chomsky says, I quote, â€Å"The U.S. did not want an independent South Vietnam that was no longer dominated by America. It feared that South Vietnam might be able to reform and improve itself – develop it's economy- and that might work†. Chomsky is being biased due to him being an anti-American, and is therefore being biased towards the American country. To sum up the conclusion of sources A-C all have value and limitations. In my view source B is most useful as it's a private speech where Johnson is criticizing most of his own American citizens by using negative comments and is saying what he really thinks about Vietnam along with the citizens plus America. Once this private speech with Johnson's personal opinions and views about Vietnam, the tape was then exposed to everyone. Therefore source B is definitely the most useful out of them all.

Social Entrepreneurship

There are substantial issues related to social entrepreneurship and how they are dealing with challenges including competition, structure, adapting to a changing economic and social environment, and employee retention and satisfaction. There is a perception by some small businesses that an unfair competition exists because a nonprofit may already be an established agency with resources of their own. They argue that social entrepreneurship may take a significant piece of a limited customer base that is shared by struggling small businesses. Differing views among scholars raise the issue of definition, mission, and validity of social entrepreneurships. In America, some believe that social entrepreneurship must remain in the private sector and operated as a substitute for social welfare. (Bacq & Janssen 2001) Others limit their focus to the social entrepreneur's role within the organization. Bill Drayton of The American Social Innovation School posits that the social entrepreneur's characteristics as a change agent are the central element of social entrepreneurship, while others insist that the organization must remain the primary focus. The mission-centric nature of social entrepreneurship is a point of contention as well. Scholars are divided over the necessity to link the social mission with the financial goals. Some believe that the commercial activities do not need to be connected to the social mission, so long as the revenues are used to fund the social activities. Adam Smith (1976) suggests that businesses, although may have good intentions, are easily dissuaded from the pursuit of social good. Dees and Anderson (2003) also acknowledge the risks of conflicts between having both a social mission and wealth creation objective, admitting that successful examples of such setups are rare in practice. In some instances, as observed by Dees (2012), the social mission can â€Å"be at odds† with profit motives. (Dees, 2012, p. 321). Dacin, Dacin, and Matear (2010, p. 45) also highlight that it is an â€Å"increasingly important concern that all forms of business face: how to weave social and economic concerns into the fabric of organization management, to the mutual satisfaction of stakeholders.† Additionally, Dees and Anderson (2003) suggest that the most significant challenge of operating a for-profit social enterprise is the complexity of combining two opposed objectives which are amplified by the pressures to compromise social mission in pursuit of financial performance. Regarding mission drift, scholars argue that the business model brings more tensions that benefit. They suggest that situations will inevitably arise due to the different objectives leading to a divergence of goals and values. Smith, Gonin & Besharov (2013) point to the â€Å"competing demands† and the â€Å"ethical dilemmas† that are likely to arise in such a situation. Seedco (2007) adds that even though social entrepreneurs have a strong commitment to the social goal, they may be quickly moved from this goal due to increasing financial problems (Seedco 2007).

Retail Service Management Key Indicators Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Retail Service Management Key Indicators - Essay Example Since the data sheet had already summarized the major monthly indicators (with little or no primary data sets), the analysis below concentrated on the examining the temporal patterns across the three months. For the purposes of tracking the repair order, mailing reminders and financial summaries across time, key indicators were analyzed across the months January through March. Since most of the data was categorical (by month), histogram polygons were constructed. To provide a frame of reference for the period under analyses, where relevant and necessary, average and standard deviation of the respective indicators were calculated. For purposes of clarity, results of only some of the most important indicators, namely active number of customers, number of customers lost, percent sales of Smart link, investment returns on each US $ 1 spent are presented and discussed. This is an important variable indicating the proportion of the various maintenance and repair jobs undertaken at the company. Accordingly, based on the data provided, frequency histogram was constructed to depict the proportion of the different maintenance tasks undertaken. ... 3. Retail revenue sales trend: Based on the graph already provided in the data sheet, discussion is provided on the contribution that Smart Link sales have made over the gross sales during the different days of the survey period. 4. Percentage share accounted by the different zip codes: The relative contribution made by the different zip codes for their share of the services and how these have changed from month to month has been analyzed. The mean per cent share of the different zip code was computed across the three months. Results: Repair order, mailing and financial summary results: Over the three months of reporting, a total of 4056 services were completed, with January accounting for the highest (37% of the services) and March, the least (30% of the services) (Figure 1). The mean number of active customers over the three months was 233954 (average standard deviation) with little variation across the months (Figure 2). The number of completed services ranged between 1210 (in March 2006) to 1490 (in January 2006). On an average there was only a 6 to 8 per cent loss of customers over the three months (Figure 2). Figure 1: Per cent services completed by Smart link from January to March 2006.Total customers serviced for the three months=4056. Figure 2: Frequency histogram of active and lost customers from January to March 2006 by Smart link. Two of the most important financial status parameters, namely, per cent of Smart link sales and the investment return for every dollar spent, increased from January to February but thereafter decreased in March 2006. For example, the investment returns increased from $215.52 in January to

The Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Cold War - Essay Example The thrust of his call for unity was the English speaking world and the Commonwealth. The US being the biggest power in the world, and English speaking, was a natural ally that he wanted to woo. He indirectly told his American audience that support for communism in many countries was a direct threat to US itself whose influence over the â€Å"free† world would diminish as a result. Churchill expressed his fear that the emerging polarization between communist and democratic blocs of the world may result in war. He asserted that the Russians, even if they didn’t like war themselves, desired â€Å"indefinite expansion of their power and ideals† and enjoyed â€Å"fruits of war† (Churchill). Indirectly mentioning sea, land and air capabilities of the military, he advised that it was through military strength that a sense of security would prevail. This strength could also provide the negotiation leverage to find a mutually agreeable formula with Russians under the umbrella of United Nations Organizations. Joseph Stalin, in an interview to Pravda some time later, responded to Churchill. At the outset, he termed the idea of a brewing war ludicrous and a product of the mind of someone â€Å"who lost one’s reason† (Stalin). Picking up cleverly on Churchill’s call for the English speaking world to unite, Stalin termed it as an attempt to create a racial divide, linguistic superiority and a holier-than-thou approach to achieve his goals of fomenting an imaginary war. He compared Churchill’s speech with Hitler’s policies who believed in the superiority of those who spoke the German language. Stalin recalled in detail the sacrifices Soviet Union had made during the world war and termed them higher than any other country involved in the war. In doing so, he tried to bring home the point that Russia was committed to peace in the world

WAN Technology Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

WAN Technology - Research Paper Example Moreover, like any business ABC Inc cannot afford problems with the network connectivity due to low reliability since it would affect the customers and the business directly. Given the constraints on security and reliability there is little doubt that the solution for ABC Inc is a private WAN connection. A dedicated private WAN would cost ABC Inc far more than using packet switched connectivity. It is common for multiple businesses to be using the same private WAN with packed switched connectivity since it affords the amount of reliability and security needed by businesses without entailing the extra cost of a dedicated private WAN (O’Brien & Marakas, 2009). Moreover, it is highly likely that the private WAN used by ABC Inc would utilize the frame relay protocol since it is more widely implemented than the X2.5 protocol (Cisco, 2012). Using frame relay protocol would provide ABC Inc the required amount of reliability and security for its private WAN

English Language Learners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

English Language Learners - Essay Example So, Slavit et al (2002) introduces many ways to learn second language along with highlighting similarities and differences. The main obstacle while learning English as a second language characterizes the students into two categories social and unsocial. For those students who possess a social and outgoing attitude, it is easier to learn as they are carefree about the mistakes and try experimenting the language while imitating phrases. Here they are not concerned about the mistakes. On the other hand it is difficult to learn English for those who possess a shy attitude and are conscious to what they should say and what not. Such students are unsocial and are concerned about grammatical mistakes. Hence it is difficult for them to utter and imitate phrases. ‘Errors’ and ‘Social Interaction’ are two profound approaches, which help a learner to learn the best of a language. Errors are the indicators of progress and if dealt positively can lead a child towards language perfection. In this context in case of errors it is not encouraging to adopt an attitude that points out errors in a learner, instead a better strategy is to highlight the correct form in the form of a model. Social interaction is another way of learning which not only is helpful in grasping new concepts but also encourages an individual to take part in oral and written language development through talking and listening. This is the reason for why today there is a growing trend of ‘chat forums’. According to Drucker (2003) there is a strong interconnection between listening and reading. This is evident from the fact that children who are able to read a little are when subjected to learn phonetic words, they found an ease to develop interest, which is helpful in learning and memorizing phonetic words, while on the other hand those words that are bore to pronounce are not remembered easily. In this context

Brand makeover Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Brand makeover - Case Study Example (Urbanoutfitters Inc.) The brand Urban Outfitters targets mainly young adults between the age group of 18 to 30 years and has established a good rapport with youngsters. However the company Urban Outfitter Inc. faces some risk in it business segment which is sensitive to economic conditions, consumer spending, shifts in fashion industry, increasing competition, etc. It is necessary to rebrand the products in order to retain the existing customer and also to attract new customers by increasing the line of apparels and accessories for other age groups also. Amanda Comunale states that the company's identity is expressed through the brand image which can be discovered by specifying the meaning, intention, aspirations and mission of the retail brand. The most effective approach to uphold the brand image is through internal branding i.e. employees. Urban Outfitters should have makeover in terms of variant fashion and accessories by including clothes which are the hottest trend in market for all ages. Brand mak eover as it creates a sense of ripeness among the customers and tempts the customer to know what's new in the brand. Therefore it is an important tool to market and increase the sale. (http://phx.corporate-ir.net/) Majority of Urban Outfitters products are targeted towards young people which markets online making it one of the largest 500 internet retailer in t